The
majority of the deprived kadas lie outside the capital and Mount Lebanon
(rank 1 to 14 in Table 25); whereas the kadas with the higher rates of
basic needs satisfaction are located in these two mohafazats, or in some
of the urban areas in Kadas such as Zahle, Saida, Zgharta, Jbeil, Koura,
and Aley.
The kada of Bent-Jbeil is considered to have the lowest level of needs
satisfaction, with 67.1 percent of households living below the threshold
of the index of basic needs satisfaction, followed by the kadas of
Hermel (65.9 percent), Akkar (63.3 percent), Marjaayoun (60 percent),
El-Minieh (54.2 percent), Baalbeck (49.2 percent), and Tyre (44.9
percent). The kada having the highest degree of satisfaction is
Kesrouan, where the proportion of households that live below the
threshold does not exceed 13.5 percent; followed by Beirut and the Kada
of El-Metn with 18.4 percent and 19.7 percent, respectively.
These percentages, as already mentioned, reflect the internal social
structure of the kadas, i.e. they are approximately
regional/geographical indicators of the living and developmental
characteristics of the kada. The kadas, however, differ in terms of the
size of their resident population. This means that the ranking will
differ significantly when it comes to calculating the number of
households or individuals that live below the threshold in the kada, and
their relative importance in the total number of households or the
population in Lebanon, or within the total of those living below the
threshold at the national level. This is discussed in subsequent
paragraphs.
|
Table
25. The living conditions index according to kadas: 3-level
classification in descending order based on the percentage of households
having a low degree of satisfaction
(percent of households in the kada) |
| Kada |
Low |
Intermediate
|
High
|
Total |
| 1.Bent-Jbeil |
67.2 |
28.5 |
4.3 |
100 |
| 2.Hermel |
65.9 |
28.6 |
5.6 |
100 |
| 3.Akkar |
63.3 |
29.1 |
7.6 |
100 |
| 4.Marjaayoun |
60.0 |
32.3 |
7.6 |
100 |
| 5.El-Minieh |
54.2 |
39.3 |
6.5 |
100 |
| 6.Baalbeck |
49.2 |
40.1 |
10.7 |
100 |
| 7.Tyre |
45.0 |
41.0 |
14.0 |
100 |
| 8.Hasbayya |
41.5 |
48.4 |
10.1 |
100 |
| 9.Nabatieh |
40.0 |
47.4 |
12.6 |
100 |
| 10.Rachayya |
39.5 |
51.9 |
8.7 |
100 |
| 11.Jezzine |
35.7 |
49.8 |
14.5 |
100 |
| 12.Tripoli |
34.9 |
38.2 |
26.9 |
100 |
| 13.Becharry |
34.8 |
45.4 |
19.8 |
100 |
| 14.Batroun |
34.2 |
45.0 |
20.8 |
100 |
| All
Lebanon |
32.1
|
41.6
|
26.4
|
100 |
| 15.Baabda |
31.6 |
42.2 |
26.1 |
100 |
| 16.Chouf |
31.0 |
50.0 |
19.0 |
100 |
| 17.Western Bekaa |
30.7 |
53.6 |
15.8 |
100 |
| 18.Jbeil |
30.1 |
46.7 |
23.2 |
100 |
| 19.Zgharta |
29.7 |
43.0 |
27.3 |
100 |
| 20.Saida |
29.7 |
47.2 |
23.0 |
100 |
| 21.Zahle |
28.9 |
45.3 |
25.8 |
100 |
| 22.Koura |
27.0 |
44.7 |
28.3 |
100 |
| 23.Aley |
25.0 |
45.6 |
29.3 |
100 |
| 24.El-Metn |
19.7 |
43.9 |
36.4 |
100 |
| 25.Beirut |
18.4 |
38.7 |
43.0 |
100 |
| 26.Kesrouan |
13.5 |
38.3 |
48.2 |
100 |
|
Table
26. Distribution of households according to the living conditions index
in the seven most deprived kadas, compared to the least deprived kada
(Kesrouan) and the national average: 5-level classification (Percent)
|
| Kada |
Very low
|
Low |
Below
threshold |
Intermediate |
High |
Very high |
Total |
| Bent-Jbeil |
20.0 |
47.2 |
67.2 |
28.5 |
4.1 |
0.2 |
100 |
| Hermel |
26.1 |
39.7 |
65.9 |
28.6 |
5.6 |
- |
100 |
| Akkar |
23.3 |
39.9 |
63.3 |
29.1 |
7.1 |
0.4 |
100 |
| Marjaayoun |
18.9 |
41.2 |
60.0 |
32.3 |
7.1 |
0.6 |
100 |
| El-Minieh |
12.7 |
41.5 |
54.2 |
39.3 |
6.2 |
0.3 |
100 |
| Baalbeck |
12.4 |
36.8 |
49.2 |
40.1 |
10.2 |
0.5 |
100 |
| Tyre |
9.89 |
35.1 |
45.0 |
41.0 |
12.6 |
1.5 |
100 |
| All
Lebanon |
7.1 |
25.0 |
32.1 |
41.6 |
21.9 |
4.5 |
100 |
| Kesrouan |
2.0 |
11.5 |
13.5 |
38.3 |
35.7 |
12.5 |
100 |
|
Chart 10 depicts the large
difference in the social structure between the kada of Kesrouan and that
of Bent-Jbeil. In the former, households concentrate in the two degrees
of high and very high satisfaction; while in the latter kada, the
concentration is in the low and very low degrees of satisfaction.
|
| Chart
9. Distribution of households according to the living conditions index
in the kadas of Bent-Jbeil and Kesrouan (Percent) |
|
In general, the kadas having a
low living conditions index share a number of features that indicate
high rates of deprivation . These kadas are characterized by high
illiteracy rates, compared to the national average and the least
deprived kada (Table 27). The highest illiteracy rate is recorded in the
kada of Akkar and reaches 30.5 percent, compared to 13.6 percent at the
national level, and 7.9 percent in Kesrouan.The average number of
persons per room attains a peak in the Kada of Hermel of 1.79, compared
to a national average of 1.26, and 0.90 persons per room in Kesrouan.
The more deprived kadas are
also characterized by low school-enrolment ratios for children aged 6-12
years - elementary level - and by a large average household size. For
example, the enrolment ratio in Akkar is 83.5 percent and the average
household size is 5.95 persons, compared to enrolment ratios of 90.1
percent in Kesrouan and 88.9 percent at the national level, and an
average household size of 3.96 and 4.65 persons, respectively. These
kadas are also characterized by having a high age-dependency rate, i.e.
the percentage of the population aged between 0-14 years, and 65 years
and above, in the total population of working age (15-64 years). The
high age-dependency rate implies added burdens for the
economically-active population in having to support a larger than
average number of persons. The age-dependency rate is at its highest
(86.6 percent) in Akkar, compared to 43.7 percent in Kesrouan, and a
national average of 56.8 percent.
The high age-dependency rate results from the interaction of several
factors including: the large size of the household; large number of
children and old people; distortion of the population pyramid as a
result of internal displacement or migration abroad, which is reflected
in the imbalance between the number of males and females, and between
age groups, as a result of the migration of young people, especially
males.
This is clearly brought out by the results of the Population and Housing
Survey, which show that the kadas with low satisfaction indicators are
generally characterized by having high children (age group 0-14 years)
ratios and large households, reflecting a birth rate above the national
average. Moreover, some of the kadas with low indicators have a low
ratio of old people (65 years and above), indicating that the average
age is below the national average (as in the case of the kadas of Akkar,
El-Minieh, Baalbeck, Hermel). In some of these kadas, however, the ratio
of the aged is higher than the national average, implying a high rate of
emigration among young people - a feature of kadas with low satisfaction
indicators in the mohafazats of the South and Nabatieh (kadas of
Bent-Jbeil, Marjaayoun, Jezzine...), or other kadas where the migration
of young people is due to other than security considerations (Bcharry,
Batroun, Zgharta, Jbeil...).
It can also be noted that in some kadas the male/female ratio is low
which - together with a below average 15-64 years age group - can be
considered as an indicator of displacement and migration (Marjaayoun,
Bent-Jbeil, Nabatieh, Hermel...).
It is worth noting in this connection that migration or displacement in
Lebanon is a phenomenon which is not confined to kadas suffering acute
deprivation, but is rather a long-standing phenomenon prompted by a
variety of factors. Some of these factors can be traced directly to
economic conditions or, more specifically, to the lack of employment
opportunities. Others can be explained by security considerations
(especially in the mohafazats of the South and Nabatieh, and the Kada of
Western Bekaa); or have their origin in cultural considerations, the
desire to improve prospects of work and social promotion. Movements in
the direction of cities or emigration abroad are associated with the
availability of resources and better opportunities for education. Other
parameters relating to kadas (average household size, average number of
persons per room and school enrolment ratios and illiteracy rates) are
given in tables 28 and 29.
|
Table
27. Characteristics of the seven most deprived kadas, compared to the
least deprived kada (Kesrouan) and the national average: selected
indicators
|
| Kada |
Average
size of household |
Average
number of persons per room |
School
enrolment ratio (6-12 years), percent |
Illiteracy
rate (10 years and above), percent |
Age-dependency
rate (percent) |
| Akkar |
5.95 |
1.42 |
83.5 |
30.5 |
86.6 |
| El-Minieh |
5.69 |
1.50 |
85.0 |
24.8 |
70.5 |
| Marjaayoun |
4.50 |
1.28 |
90.1 |
23.6 |
67.5 |
| Hermel |
5.77 |
1.79 |
86.7 |
23.2 |
68.8 |
| Bent-Jbeil |
4.84 |
1.30 |
91.4 |
19.6 |
71.3 |
| Baalbeck |
5.26 |
1.52 |
90.7 |
18.3 |
68.9 |
| Tyre |
5.07 |
1.37 |
89.2 |
16.6 |
67.1 |
| All
Lebanon |
4.65 |
1.26 |
88.9 |
13.6 |
56.8 |
| Kesrouan |
3.96 |
0.90 |
90.1 |
7.9 |
66.7 |
|
Table
28: Gender and age composition of the population by kadas, in descending
order of age/dependency rate (Percent)
|
| Kada |
Male/
Female |
Age (0-14
years) |
Age (15-64
years) |
Age (65
years and above) |
Average
dependency rat |
| 1.Akkar |
100.0 |
41.1 |
53.6 |
5.4 |
86.6 |
| 2.Bent-Jbeil |
92.6 |
33.7 |
58.4 |
7.9 |
71.3 |
| 3.El-Minieh |
105.0 |
36.8 |
58.6 |
4.5 |
70.5 |
| 4.Baalbeck |
102.0 |
34.7 |
59.2 |
6.1 |
68.9 |
| 5.Hermel |
97.7 |
35.6 |
59.2 |
5.1 |
68.8 |
| 6.Nabatieh |
95.7 |
34.7 |
59.4 |
5.9 |
68.4 |
| 7.Marjaayoun |
90.9 |
29.5 |
59.7 |
10.8 |
67.5 |
| 8.Tyre |
98.0 |
35.4 |
59.8 |
4.8 |
67.1 |
| 9.Western Bekaa |
103.0 |
33.0 |
60.2 |
6.9 |
66.2 |
| 10.Rachayya |
101.0 |
33.1 |
60.2 |
6.7 |
66.1 |
| 11.Tripoli |
97.2 |
34.1 |
61.3 |
4.6 |
63.1 |
| 12.Saida |
96.8 |
33.1 |
61.9 |
5.0 |
61.6 |
| 13.Aley |
98.6 |
30.1 |
63.5 |
6.4 |
57.4 |
| 14.Zgharta |
92.4 |
28.3 |
63.6 |
8.1 |
57.3 |
| 15.Batroun |
95.1 |
25.2 |
63.7 |
11.1 |
56.9 |
| 16.Zahle |
102.0 |
29.5 |
64.0 |
6.5 |
56.1 |
| 17.Baabda |
98.6 |
29.6 |
64.8 |
5.6 |
54.2 |
| 18.Koura |
99.1 |
25.0 |
64.9 |
10.0 |
54.0 |
| 19.Hasbayya |
98.8 |
25.6 |
65.1 |
9.3 |
53.6 |
| 20.Chouf |
102.0 |
27.4 |
65.3 |
7.4 |
53.2 |
| 21.Jezzine |
96.2 |
19.5 |
65.3 |
15.2 |
53.1 |
| 22.Bcharry |
102.0 |
23.2 |
65.3 |
11.4 |
53.0 |
| 23.Jbeil |
99.6 |
24.8 |
66.6 |
8.6 |
50.1 |
| 24.Beirut |
94.6 |
21.9 |
69.0 |
9.0 |
44.7 |
| 25.Kesrouan |
103.0 |
22.5 |
69.6 |
7.9 |
43.7 |
| 26.El-Metn |
97.7 |
22.2 |
69.7 |
8.1 |
43.4 |
| All Lebanon |
98.3 |
29.3 |
63.8 |
6.8 |
56.8 |
|
| Table
29. Selected characteristics of the kadas, in descending order according
to the illiteracy rate |
| Kada |
Average
household size |
Average
number of persons per room |
School
enrolment ratio (6-12 years), percent |
Illiteracy
rate (10 years and above), percent |
| 1.Akkar |
5.95 |
1.42 |
83.5 |
30.5 |
| 2.El-Minieh |
5.69 |
1.50 |
85.0 |
24.8 |
| 3.Marjaayoun |
4.50 |
1.28 |
90.1 |
23.6 |
| 4.Hermel |
5.70 |
1.79 |
86.7 |
23.2 |
| 5.Bent-Jbeil |
4.84 |
1.30 |
91.4 |
19.6 |
| 6.Baalbeck |
5.26 |
1.52 |
90.7 |
18.3 |
| 7.Tyre |
5.07 |
1.37 |
89.2 |
16.6 |
| 8.Western Bekaa |
4.97 |
1.07 |
89.2 |
16.5 |
| 9.Hasbayya |
4.27 |
1.27 |
88.5 |
16.2 |
| 10.Bcharry |
4.66 |
1.19 |
92.2 |
15.7 |
| 11.Nabatieh |
4.68 |
1.33 |
88.4 |
15.5 |
| 12.Batroun |
4.59 |
1.10 |
93.4 |
15.2 |
| 13.Zgharta |
4.56 |
1.04 |
86.9 |
14.5 |
| 14.Tripoli |
5.21 |
1.33 |
86.2 |
14.4 |
| 15.Jezzine |
3.49 |
1.00 |
90.8 |
14.2 |
| 16.Rachayya |
4.97 |
1.19 |
89.7 |
13.9 |
| 17.Zahle |
4.67 |
1.26 |
88.9 |
11.8 |
| 18.Saida |
4.92 |
1.25 |
90.1 |
11.8 |
| 19.Chouf |
4.61 |
1.24 |
91.1 |
11.7 |
| 20.Jbeil |
4.70 |
1.13 |
88.8 |
11.6 |
| 21.Baabda |
4.68 |
1.32 |
88.7 |
11.1 |
| 22.El-Metn |
4.16 |
1.21 |
92.4 |
9.4 |
| 23.Beirut |
4.11 |
1.09
|
90.6 |
9.3
|
| 24.Koura |
4.37 |
0.99 |
92.1 |
8.7 |
| 25.Kesrouan |
3.96 |
0.90 |
90.1 |
7.8 |
| 26.Aley |
4.32 |
1.08 |
89.7 |
7.7 |
| All Lebanon |
4.65 |
1.26 |
88.9 |
13.6 |
|
|
|
