1.
Educational characteristics
Available information indicates a strong correlation between the
level of education attained by the head of the household and the degree
of satisfaction based on the index of income-related indicators (Table
41). The degree of satisfaction rises in harmony with the rise in the
level of education. |
Table
41. Income-related indicators index and the level of educational
attainment of the head of household
(Percent
of total households) |
| Level of
education |
Percent
of heads of households in Lebanon |
Degree
of satisfaction |
| Low |
Intermediate
|
High |
Total |
| -Illiterate |
18.7
|
62.7 |
23.8 |
13.5 |
100 |
| -Can read and write |
16.7
|
50.3 |
30.2 |
19.6 |
100 |
| -Elementary |
24.9
|
45.9 |
34.8 |
19.3 |
100 |
| -Intermediate |
16.5
|
39.3 |
37.2 |
23.4 |
100 |
| -Secondary |
12.1
|
27.7 |
39.5 |
32.8 |
100 |
| -University and above |
11.1
|
12.2 |
30.4 |
57.4 |
100 |
| All Lebanon |
100 |
42.8 |
32.4 |
24.8 |
100 |
|
The results of the statistical
inquiry on establishments in the labor market study indicate a
consistent correlation between the high level of education of workers
and the mean monthly wage (Table 42). The mean monthly basic wage varies
between a minimum of LL 396,000 for an illiterate worker, and a maximum
of LL 791,000 for a worker with a university education.
|
| Table
42. Mean monthly wage by level of education (LL 000') |
| Level of education |
Mean basic
wage |
| Illiterate |
396 |
| Below elementary |
447 |
| Elementary |
470 |
| Intermediate |
499 |
| Secondary |
537 |
| University |
791 |
| Mean wage (all workers) |
561 |
|
2.
Gender of household head
The probability of falling below the threshold of the index of
income-related indicators is greater for households headed by women than
it is for households which have men as their head. The percentage of
households below the threshold reaches 57.7 percent in the case of the
former, compared to 40.3 percent for the latter, and 42.8 percent for
all households. The disparity is due mainly to two factors. The first is
the greater probability of widowhood or divorce in the case of
households that have a woman as their head, implying the loss of a
second source of income from the work of the husband. In this
connection, it may be noted that the percentage of households headed by
a widow that fall below the threshold of the index is 57.9 percent,
compared to 39.9 percent where the head of the household is a widower).
The corresponding percentages are 53.3 percent for households with a
divorced woman as their head, and 27.9 percent for households headed by
a divorced man.
The second factor is that the mean wage obtained by a woman is 78
percent of that earned by a man. According to the Labor Market Study,
the mean basic wage for a women is LL 477,000 compared to LL 606,000 for
a man .
|
| Table
43. Index of income-related indicators by gender of household head
(Percent) |
| Gender of
household head |
Percent of heads of households All Lebanon |
Degree
of satisfaction |
| Low |
Intermediate
|
High |
Total |
| Male |
85.9
|
40.3 |
33.8 |
25.9 |
100 E="helvetica">100 |
| All Lebanon |
100 |
42.8 |
32.4 |
24.8 |
100 |
|
3. Age
of household head
Table
44 below indicates that the percentage of households that fall below the
threshold is relatively higher among young people, compared to the other
age groups. |
| Table
44. Index of income-related indicators by age of household head |
| Age group
(years) |
Percent
of households heads in Lebanon |
Degree
of satisfaction (Percent) |
| Low |
Intermediate |
High |
Total |
-Less than 25
-25 to 34
-35 to 49
-50 and above
-Unspecified |
1.55
16.5
33.5
48.4
0.01 |
46.0
41.2
43.8
4
>21.6
30.1
- |
100
100
100
100
100 |
|
| All Lebanon |
100 |
42.8 |
32.4 |
24.8 |
100 |
|
The findings of the Labor Market
Study support this conclusion (Table 45). These show that the mean wage,
which for young workers (below 20 years) starts at a low LL 384,000,
rises to attain its maximum with the age-group 40-44 years, and
maintains this level until it starts to decline with the age-group 55-59
years.
|
| Table
45. Mean wage according to age group |
| Age group (years) |
Mean basic
wage (LL 000') |
| Less than 20 |
384 |
| 20 - 24 |
483 |
| 25 - 29 |
549 |
| 30 - 34 |
614 |
| 35 - 39 |
674 |
| 40 - 44 |
740 |
| 45 - 49 |
727 |
| 50 - 54 |
739 |
| 55 - 59 |
682 |
| 60 and above |
575 |
| National average |
561 |
|
4. Size of household
A
correlation can be observed between large households and low levels of
income-related indicators. The average size of households classified as
having a low degree of satisfaction according to the index of
income-related indicators is 5.09 individuals, compared to 4.40 and 4.24
individuals for households classified as having intermediate and high
degrees of satisfaction, respectively. |
